Sharia In Nigeria Pdf Download >>> https://picfs.com/1lv9u4
In,Comparative,perspectives,on,shariah,in,Nigeria,,ed[],,If,,this,,Shari’a,,system,,is,,assisted,,,then,,the,,contradictions,,will,,gradually,,be,,resolved,,,while,,meeting,,the,,aspirations,,of,,Muslims.Under,,Shari’a,,,we,,don’t,,want,,to,,amputate,,or,,to,,stone."[99]The,,Zamfara,,state,,commissioner,,of,,justice,,and,,attorney,,general,,told,,Human,,Rights,,Watch,,candidly:"We,,are,,aware,,of,,the,,concernsAfter,,,fifty,,,days,,,[],,,the,,,prosecutor,,,told,,,me,,,to,,,say,,,that,,,Mustapha,,,Ibrahim,,,had,,,not,,,committed,,,the,,,crime,,,,that,,,if,,,I,,,said,,,this,,,,I,,,would,,,get,,,a,,,shorter,,,prison,,,sentence,,,or,,,just,,,a,,,fine,,,of,,,1,000,,,or,,,1,500,,,naira.Otherwise,,,I,,,would,,,be,,,sent,,,to,,,prison,,,and,,,he,,,didn’t,,,know,,,when,,,I,,,would,,,be,,,released.I,,,agreed.They,,,took,,,us,,,to,,,court.Mustapha,,,said,,,he,,,was,,,guilty,,,and,,,that,,,I,,,was,,,too,,,,because,,,the,,,police,,,had,,,said,,,we,,,would,,,get,,,shorter,,,sentences,,,if,,,we,,,said,,,this.The,,,judge,,,sentenced,,,Mustapha,,,to,,,six,,,months,,,in,,,prison,,,and,,,thirty,,,lashes,,,and,,,sentenced,,,me,,,to,,,have,,,my,,,hand,,,cut.The,,,trial,,,lasted,,,only,,,thirty,,,minutes.[144],,,Abubakar,,,Abdullahi,,,believed,,,that,,,Mustapha,,,Ibrahim,,,had,,,received,,,a,,,lighter,,,sentence,,,because,,,his,,,family,,,had,,,connections.Abubakar,,,Abdullahi,,,appealed,,,his,,,sentence,,,in,,,January,,,2002,,,and,,,pleaded,,,not,,,guilty,,,to,,,the,,,court,,,of,,,appeal.The,,,police,,,officer,,,who,,,had,,,been,,,responsible,,,for,,,investigating,,,the,,,case,,,was,,,called,,,as,,,a,,,witness,,,and,,,certain,,,items,,,were,,,shown,,,as,,,exhibits,,,,but,,,according,,,to,,,Abubakar,,,Abdullahi,,,,these,,,were,,,not,,,the,,,items,,,he,,,had,,,been,,,accused,,,of,,,stealingIn,,Zamfara,,State,,,however,,,in,,October,,2002,,,a,,separate,,law,,was,,passed,,removing,,the,,criminal,,jurisdiction,,of,,magistrates’,,courts,,to,,try,,offenses,,committed,,by,,Muslims,,,thus,,confirming,,the,,absence,,of,,choice,,for,,all,,Muslim,,defendants:"[],,magistrates,,courts,,of,,whatever,,grade,,shall,,cease,,to,,have,,jurisdiction,,to,,try,,any,,criminal,,offence,,where,,the,,accused,,or,,all,,the,,accused,,persons,,profess,,the,,Islamic,,faith."[35]The,,law,,,initiated,,by,,the,,governor,,,was,,passed,,by,,the,,state,,house,,of,,assembly,,without,,much,,debate,,or,,controversy.As,,a,,result,,of,,this,,law,,,all,,cases,,involving,,Muslims,,were,,transferred,,from,,the,,magistrates’,,courts,,to,,the,,Shari’a,,courts,,in,,ZamfaraStateBoston:,Brill.Google,ScholarThe,,provisions,,for,,and,,imposition,,of,,sentences,,amounting,,to,,cruel,,,inhuman,,and,,degrading,,treatment,,and,,punishment,,,in,,particular,,the,,death,,penalty,,,amputations,,and,,floggings,,,are,,among,,the,,main,,human,,rights,,concerns,,arising,,in,,the,,context,,of,,Shari’a,,in,,northern,,Nigeria.Since,,2000,,,at,,least,,ten,,people,,have,,been,,sentenced,,to,,death,,by,,Shari’a,,courts;,,dozens,,have,,been,,sentenced,,to,,amputation;,,and,,floggings,,are,,a,,regular,,occurrence,,in,,many,,locations,,in,,the,,north.[2]Human,,Rights,,Watch,,is,,unconditionally,,opposed,,to,,the,,use,,of,,the,,death,,penalty,,,in,,any,,legal,,system,,and,,in,,any,,country,,,as,,it,,constitutes,,the,,ultimate,,violation,,of,,the,,right,,to,,life,,and,,an,,extreme,,form,,of,,cruel,,,inhuman,,and,,degrading,,punishmentExtend,,concern,,about,,human,,rights,,in,,Nigeria,,to,,other,,areas,,where,,violations,,have,,been,,at,,least,,as,,grave,,as,,under,,Shari’aIn,particular,,the,Shari’a,codes,contain,provisions,for,death,by,stoning,and,amputations,which,were,not,included,in,the,Penal,Code
The,Arabic,term,hisbah,means,an,act,which,is,performed,for,the,common,good,,or,with,the,intention,of,seeking,a,reward,from,God.The,concept,of,hisbah,in,Islam,originates,from,a,set,of,Qur’anic,verses,and,Hadith.It,is,an,obligation,placed,on,every,Muslim,to,call,for,what,is,good,or,right,and,to,prevent,or,denounce,what,is,bad,or,wrong.The,Qur’an,states:"Let,there,arise,from,you,a,group,calling,to,all,that,is,good,,enjoining,what,is,right,and,forbidding,what,is,wrong.It,is,these,who,are,successful.",(The,Qur’an,3:104).The,Hadith,states:,"Whosoever,among,you,sees,an,act,of,wrong,should,change,it,with,his,hands.If,he,is,not,able,to,do,so,,then,he,should,change,it,with,his,tongue.If,he,is,not,able,to,do,so,,then,with,his,heart,,and,this,is,the,weakest,of,faith."[205],Scholars,have,generally,interpreted,these,verses,and,traditions,as,placing,duties,upon,Muslims,at,both,the,institutional,level,and,the,personal,level.At,the,institutional,level,,the,concept,of,hisbah,is,intended,as,a,mechanism,to,ensure,the,welfare,of,society,and,to,combat,harm,,including,crime.At,the,personal,level,,it,is,intended,to,instill,in,each,individual,the,wish,to,act,to,prevent,something,bad,from,happening,,or,,if,it,is,not,possible,to,prevent,it,oneself,,to,denounce,it,and,call,on,others,to,act,in,order,to,prevent,it2004At,the,level,of,state,governments,,the,state,attorney,general,is,responsible,for,the,operation,of,both,the,common,law,and,Shari’a,systems,in,the,state;,there,is,also,a,Shari’a,section,in,each,state,ministry,of,justiceThen,everyone,just,goes,away."[160],The,fact,that,the,vast,majority,of,victims,of,flogging,do,not,have,legal,representation,and,are,often,not,able,to,exercise,their,right,to,appeal,attracts,little,concern,or,indignation,,with,the,exception,of,a,few,protests,from,lawyers.It,would,appear,that,flogging,is,seen,by,some,Nigerians,as,a,lesser,punishment,,and,one,which,has,the,comparative,advantage,of,being,administered,quickly,and,without,lasting,consequences.Several,people,explained,that,by,exercising,the,right,to,appeal,against,a,flogging,sentence,,the,defendant,would,risk,facing,a,lengthy,period,in,detention,while,the,appeal,was,being,considered,,and,that,many,defendants,opted,not,to,appeal,and,to,face,the,flogging,simply,in,order,to,avoid,imprisonment.This,position,is,easy,to,understand,in,view,of,the,fact,that,both,under,Shari’a,and,the,rest,of,the,justice,system,in,Nigeria,,accused,persons,can,be,detained,for,several,years,awaiting,trial,or,awaiting,the,outcome,of,their,appeal.[161],Many,people,have,been,flogged,on,suspicion,of,drinking,alcohol,,which,is,forbidden,in,most,of,northern,Nigeria;laws,prohibiting,the,consumption,of,alcohol,were,in,existence,even,before,the,introduction,of,Shari’a,,and,have,since,been,tightened,by,some,states,,in,some,cases,extending,to,a,complete,ban.[162],Although,it,is,widely,known,that,some,Muslims,drink,alcohol,,public,punishment,for,this,offense,is,considered,very,humiliating.A,resident,of,Birnin,Kebbi,,Kebbi,State,,told,Human,Rights,Watch,about,a,young,man,in,his,twenties,,who,was,flogged,in,2003,after,he,was,arrested,by,hisbah,in,the,street;,he,was,allegedly,drunk,at,the,time.They,reportedly,took,him,straight,to,the,Shari’a,court,,not,to,the,police,station;,there,,he,was,flogged,,and,released,with,a,warning,not,to,drink,beer,again.Friends,and,colleagues,said,that,he,was,so,ashamed,that,he,would,not,talk,about,it,to,anyone.[163],Some,of,those,flogged,have,been,under,the,age,of,eighteen.One,of,the,earliest,and,most,publicized,cases,was,that,of,Bariya,Ibrahim,Magazu,,a,teenage,girl,who,had,become,pregnant,and,was,accused,of,pre-marital,sex.While,it,was,widely,reported,by,the,media,that,Bariya,Magazu,was,seventeen,years,old,,local,sources,,including,the,women’s,rights,organization,Baobab,for,Women’s,Human,Rights,,believed,that,she,was,no,more,than,thirteen,or,fourteen.In,September,2000,,the,Shari’a,Court,in,Tsafe,found,her,guilty,of,zina,(fornication),and,sentenced,her,to,one,hundred,lashes.She,was,also,accused,of,bringing,false,charges,against,three,men,who,she,claimed,had,raped,her,,for,which,she,was,sentenced,to,an,additional,eighty,lashesEven,,,if,,,the,,,accused,,,confesses,,,to,,,the,,,crime,,,,Shari’a,,,allows,,,them,,,several,,,opportunities,,,to,,,withdraw,,,the,,,confession.The,,,confession,,,should,,,be,,,made,,,willingly,,,and,,,the,,,accused,,,should,,,fully,,,understand,,,the,,,implications,,,of,,,confessing.Judges,,,should,,,always,,,look,,,for,,,mitigating,,,circumstancesfor,,,example,,,the,,,poverty,,,of,,,the,,,accused,,,,in,,,cases,,,of,,,theftand,,,the,,,mental,,,sanity,,,of,,,the,,,defendant,,,should,,,always,,,be,,,taken,,,into,,,account,,,when,,,determining,,,the,,,sentence.The,,,ZamfaraState,,,governor,,,(one,,,of,,,the,,,keenest,,,advocates,,,of,,,Shari’a,,,in,,,Nigeria),,,told,,,Human,,,Rights,,,Watch:,,,"If,,,someone’s,,,basic,,,needs,,,are,,,met,,,but,,,he,,,still,,,goes,,,to,,,steal,,,,the,,,requirement,,,for,,,amputation,,,has,,,been,,,met.But,,,if,,,the,,,person,,,is,,,needy,,,,they,,,can’t,,,even,,,be,,,punished,,,under,,,Shari’a.Or,,,they,,,will,,,be,,,given,,,a,,,light,,,sentence,,,,for,,,example,,,one,,,or,,,two,,,months."[12]The,,,Kebbi,,,State,,,Attorney,,,General,,,also,,,claimed,,,that,,,Shari’a,,,court,,,judges,,,were,,,taught,,,to,,,ask,,,the,,,defendants,,,,first,,,,whether,,,they,,,committed,,,the,,,offense,,,,and,,,secondly,,,,why,,,,and,,,that,,,if,,,they,,,said,,,they,,,had,,,stolen,,,because,,,they,,,were,,,hungry,,,,they,,,should,,,not,,,be,,,convicted.[13]In,,,addition,,,,to,,,be,,,convicted,,,of,,,theft,,,,a,,,person,,,must,,,have,,,removed,,,an,,,object,,,which,,,is,,,not,,,his/her,,,own,,,from,,,its,,,usual,,,place,,,of,,,custody;,,,if,,,the,,,object,,,is,,,in,,,a,,,different,,,place,,,or,,,has,,,been,,,left,,,out,,,negligently,,,,the,,,person,,,should,,,not,,,be,,,convictedJudges,,should,,never,,accept,,statements,,alleged,,to,,have,,been,,extracted,,under,,torture.They,,should,,order,,immediate,,independent,,investigations,,into,,any,,claims,,by,,defendants,,that,,the,,police,,tortured,,them,,in,,order,,to,,extract,,a,,confession.Prisoners,,convicted,,on,,the,,basis,,of,,confessions,,allegedly,,extracted,,under,,torture,,should,,be,,released,,immediatelyFrre,,Tariq:,,Discours,,,stratgie,,et,,mthode,,de,,Tariq,,RamadanDudley,,,B
Paper,,presented,,at,,Religion,,in,,the,,Public,,Sphere:,,Challenges,,and,,Opportunities,,,the,,11th,,Annual,,International,,Law,,and,,Religion,,Symposium,,,Brigham,,Young,,University,,,Provo,,,Utah,,,October,,4.Google,,ScholarAfter,,the,,introduction,,of,,Shari’a,,,a,,number,,of,,training,,programs,,were,,set,,in,,place,,for,,Shari’a,,court,,judges,,,organized,,by,,a,,combination,,of,,state,,governments,,,universities,,,and,,nongovernmental,,organizations.Some,,of,,the,,training,,programs,,lasted,,just,,two,,or,,three,,weeks,,,others,,up,,to,,six,,months.Initially,,,it,,was,,not,,compulsory,,for,,judges,,to,,attend,,this,,training,,before,,beginning,,to,,try,,cases,,in,,Shari’a,,courts,,,and,,many,,did,,not,,attend,,the,,courses,,until,,several,,months,,or,,years,,later.Human,,Rights,,Watch,,was,,told,,that,,a,,significant,,number,,of,,the,,judges,,failed,,the,,tests,,which,,were,,part,,of,,the,,training,,,but,,continued,,being,,judges.[199],,Nongovernmental,,organizations,,and,,academic,,institutions,,,in,,particular,,the,,AhmaduBelloUniversity,,in,,Zaria,,,have,,made,,efforts,,to,,include,,a,,human,,rights,,component,,in,,the,,training,,program,,for,,Shari’a,,court,,judges.According,,to,,the,,deputy,,dean,,of,,the,,faculty,,of,,law,,at,,Ahmadu,,Bello,,University,,,Zaria,,,a,,training,,program,,being,,developed,,for,,judges,,was,,to,,include,,a,,session,,on,,human,,rights,,duties,,within,,Shari’a,,,as,,well,,as,,a,,comparison,,with,,the,,Nigerian,,constitution,,and,,international,,human,,rights,,instruments,,such,,as,,the,,International,,Covenant,,on,,Civil,,and,,Political,,Rights,,and,,the,,African,,Charter,,on,,Human,,and,,Peoples’,,Rights.It,,was,,also,,to,,include,,an,,emphasis,,on,,women,,and,,children’s,,rights.[200],,The,,nongovernmental,,organization,,Legal,,Defence,,and,,Assistance,,Project,,(LEDAP),,,which,,is,,based,,in,,Lagos,,but,,has,,representation,,in,,the,,north,,,became,,involved,,in,,a,,pilot,,training,,project,,for,,judgesAn-Naim,,,Abdullahi,,AhmedIslam,,,and,,,religious,,,tolerance:,,,From,,,theology,,,to,,,social,,,scienceUnusually,,,,in,,,this,,,case,,,,the,,,defendant,,,was,,,able,,,to,,,secure,,,the,,,assistance,,,of,,,a,,,lawyer,,,through,,,the,,,nongovernmental,,,organization,,,Baobab,,,,before,,,the,,,court,,,made,,,its,,,final,,,judgment.The,,,court,,,acquitted,,,her,,,on,,,the,,,basis,,,that,,,the,,,evidence,,,against,,,her,,,was,,,insufficient,,,and,,,contradictory,,,,and,,,that,,,the,,,baby,,,could,,,have,,,been,,,that,,,of,,,her,,,former,,,husband,,,,rather,,,than,,,her,,,lover-partly,,,on,,,the,,,basis,,,of,,,the,,,theory,,,of,,,the,,,"sleeping,,,embryo."[86]Within,,,the,,,Maliki,,,school,,,of,,,thought,,,,there,,,is,,,a,,,provision,,,that,,,a,,,baby,,,conceived,,,within,,,five,,,years,,,of,,,a,,,woman’s,,,marriage,,,can,,,be,,,considered,,,as,,,fathered,,,by,,,the,,,husband,,,,even,,,if,,,the,,,couple,,,are,,,divorcedIV
1968The,court,of,appeal,held,an,initial,hearing,on,June,4,,2003,,but,the,case,was,repeatedly,adjourned,,most,recently,in,April,2004This,page,was,processed,by,apollo3,in,0.172,seconds,While,,Christians,,can,,refuse,,to,,be,,tried,,by,,a,,Shari’a,,court,,,Muslims,,cannot.The,,reasons,,for,,the,,decisions,,are,,not,,always,,clearly,,articulated.For,,example,,,while,,a,,number,,of,,murder,,cases,,involving,,Muslim,,defendants,,have,,been,,brought,,before,,Shari’a,,courts,,,others,,have,,been,,brought,,before,,magistrates’,,courts.Furthermore,,,as,,indicated,,in,,this,,report,,,the,,police,,are,,often,,susceptible,,to,,pressure,,and,,corruption,,,and,,in,,practice,,,the,,decision,,to,,take,,a,,case,,to,,a,,particular,,type,,of,,court,,is,,often,,made,,at,,the,,lower,,levels,,of,,the,,judiciaryShari’a,and,the,Nigerian,constitution,One,of,the,most,hotly,debated,,and,so,far,unresolved,,questions,in,relation,to,Shari’a,has,been,whether,Shari’a,courts,have,the,jurisdiction,to,try,criminal,cases,under,the,Nigerian,constitution.To,date,,the,federal,government,has,avoided,taking,a,clear,position,on,the,matter,and,it,has,been,left,to,lawyers,,academics,and,nongovernmental,organizations,to,debate,the,issue.Meanwhile,,criminal,cases,have,continued,to,be,brought,before,the,Shari’a,courts,,and,people,have,continued,to,be,sentencedSafiya,,,Husseini,,,,a,,,divorced,,,woman,,,in,,,her,,,thirties,,,from,,,a,,,poor,,,background,,,,was,,,found,,,guilty,,,of,,,adultery,,,and,,,sentenced,,,to,,,death,,,by,,,stoning,,,by,,,the,,,Upper,,,Shari’a,,,Court,,,in,,,Gwadabawa,,,,SokotoState,,,,on,,,October,,,9,,,,2001.She,,,did,,,not,,,have,,,legal,,,representation,,,during,,,her,,,trial.Yakubu,,,Abubakar,,,,the,,,man,,,with,,,whom,,,she,,,was,,,alleged,,,to,,,have,,,committed,,,the,,,adultery,,,,denied,,,the,,,offense,,,and,,,was,,,acquitted,,,for,,,lack,,,of,,,evidence.Safiya,,,Husseini,,,was,,,convicted,,,on,,,the,,,basis,,,that,,,her,,,pregnancy,,,constituted,,,evidence,,,of,,,adultery,,,,and,,,on,,,the,,,basis,,,of,,,her,,,confessionMost,,of,,the,,twelve,,northern,,states,,have,,adopted,,a,,Shari’a,,penal,,code,,and,,a,,Shari’a,,code,,of,,criminal,,procedure,,,based,,,in,,most,,cases,,,on,,that,,of,,ZamfaraState.Some,,,such,,as,,NigerState,,,have,,opted,,to,,amend,,existing,,legislation,,to,,make,,it,,comply,,with,,Shari’a,,and,,have,,not,,introduced,,a,,separate,,Shari’a,,penal,,code,,or,,code,,of,,criminal,,procedure.[20]There,,is,,still,,considerable,,confusion,,about,,which,,legislation,,is,,in,,force,,in,,the,,northern,,states,,,even,,among,,judges,,,academics,,,and,,other,,people,,described,,as,,Shari’a,,"experts."In,,any,,event,,,there,,is,,an,,overlap,,between,,the,,Penal,,Code,,for,,Northern,,Nigeria,,and,,the,,Shari’a,,laws,,,as,,the,,Penal,,Code,,includes,,elements,,of,,Islamic,,law,,and,,provided,,the,,basis,,for,,whole,,sections,,of,,the,,Shari’a,,penal,,codes.However,,,there,,are,,some,,critical,,differences 68ab3a233e
http://eswahcheeti.diarynote.jp/201712011839573598/ http://www.pearltrees.com/planperstidi/item214648326 https://atrasicom.typeform.com/to/rtbUKy https://hancunabca.typeform.com/to/kbSN4G https://chorebnistcris.typeform.com/to/jBSswZ http://clasuparve.lnwshop.com/article/33/islamic-jurisprudence-in-urdu-pdf-download-rocky-pixel-venditti-incredimail http://www.pearltrees.com/stevransduchspal/item214648358 https://ocfabackbrut.typeform.com/to/eq0hBT http://www.pearltrees.com/lingchelgevi/item214648347 http://descmarrera.diarynote.jp/201712011839534091/
In,Comparative,perspectives,on,shariah,in,Nigeria,,ed[],,If,,this,,Shari’a,,system,,is,,assisted,,,then,,the,,contradictions,,will,,gradually,,be,,resolved,,,while,,meeting,,the,,aspirations,,of,,Muslims.Under,,Shari’a,,,we,,don’t,,want,,to,,amputate,,or,,to,,stone."[99]The,,Zamfara,,state,,commissioner,,of,,justice,,and,,attorney,,general,,told,,Human,,Rights,,Watch,,candidly:"We,,are,,aware,,of,,the,,concernsAfter,,,fifty,,,days,,,[],,,the,,,prosecutor,,,told,,,me,,,to,,,say,,,that,,,Mustapha,,,Ibrahim,,,had,,,not,,,committed,,,the,,,crime,,,,that,,,if,,,I,,,said,,,this,,,,I,,,would,,,get,,,a,,,shorter,,,prison,,,sentence,,,or,,,just,,,a,,,fine,,,of,,,1,000,,,or,,,1,500,,,naira.Otherwise,,,I,,,would,,,be,,,sent,,,to,,,prison,,,and,,,he,,,didn’t,,,know,,,when,,,I,,,would,,,be,,,released.I,,,agreed.They,,,took,,,us,,,to,,,court.Mustapha,,,said,,,he,,,was,,,guilty,,,and,,,that,,,I,,,was,,,too,,,,because,,,the,,,police,,,had,,,said,,,we,,,would,,,get,,,shorter,,,sentences,,,if,,,we,,,said,,,this.The,,,judge,,,sentenced,,,Mustapha,,,to,,,six,,,months,,,in,,,prison,,,and,,,thirty,,,lashes,,,and,,,sentenced,,,me,,,to,,,have,,,my,,,hand,,,cut.The,,,trial,,,lasted,,,only,,,thirty,,,minutes.[144],,,Abubakar,,,Abdullahi,,,believed,,,that,,,Mustapha,,,Ibrahim,,,had,,,received,,,a,,,lighter,,,sentence,,,because,,,his,,,family,,,had,,,connections.Abubakar,,,Abdullahi,,,appealed,,,his,,,sentence,,,in,,,January,,,2002,,,and,,,pleaded,,,not,,,guilty,,,to,,,the,,,court,,,of,,,appeal.The,,,police,,,officer,,,who,,,had,,,been,,,responsible,,,for,,,investigating,,,the,,,case,,,was,,,called,,,as,,,a,,,witness,,,and,,,certain,,,items,,,were,,,shown,,,as,,,exhibits,,,,but,,,according,,,to,,,Abubakar,,,Abdullahi,,,,these,,,were,,,not,,,the,,,items,,,he,,,had,,,been,,,accused,,,of,,,stealingIn,,Zamfara,,State,,,however,,,in,,October,,2002,,,a,,separate,,law,,was,,passed,,removing,,the,,criminal,,jurisdiction,,of,,magistrates’,,courts,,to,,try,,offenses,,committed,,by,,Muslims,,,thus,,confirming,,the,,absence,,of,,choice,,for,,all,,Muslim,,defendants:"[],,magistrates,,courts,,of,,whatever,,grade,,shall,,cease,,to,,have,,jurisdiction,,to,,try,,any,,criminal,,offence,,where,,the,,accused,,or,,all,,the,,accused,,persons,,profess,,the,,Islamic,,faith."[35]The,,law,,,initiated,,by,,the,,governor,,,was,,passed,,by,,the,,state,,house,,of,,assembly,,without,,much,,debate,,or,,controversy.As,,a,,result,,of,,this,,law,,,all,,cases,,involving,,Muslims,,were,,transferred,,from,,the,,magistrates’,,courts,,to,,the,,Shari’a,,courts,,in,,ZamfaraStateBoston:,Brill.Google,ScholarThe,,provisions,,for,,and,,imposition,,of,,sentences,,amounting,,to,,cruel,,,inhuman,,and,,degrading,,treatment,,and,,punishment,,,in,,particular,,the,,death,,penalty,,,amputations,,and,,floggings,,,are,,among,,the,,main,,human,,rights,,concerns,,arising,,in,,the,,context,,of,,Shari’a,,in,,northern,,Nigeria.Since,,2000,,,at,,least,,ten,,people,,have,,been,,sentenced,,to,,death,,by,,Shari’a,,courts;,,dozens,,have,,been,,sentenced,,to,,amputation;,,and,,floggings,,are,,a,,regular,,occurrence,,in,,many,,locations,,in,,the,,north.[2]Human,,Rights,,Watch,,is,,unconditionally,,opposed,,to,,the,,use,,of,,the,,death,,penalty,,,in,,any,,legal,,system,,and,,in,,any,,country,,,as,,it,,constitutes,,the,,ultimate,,violation,,of,,the,,right,,to,,life,,and,,an,,extreme,,form,,of,,cruel,,,inhuman,,and,,degrading,,punishmentExtend,,concern,,about,,human,,rights,,in,,Nigeria,,to,,other,,areas,,where,,violations,,have,,been,,at,,least,,as,,grave,,as,,under,,Shari’aIn,particular,,the,Shari’a,codes,contain,provisions,for,death,by,stoning,and,amputations,which,were,not,included,in,the,Penal,Code
The,Arabic,term,hisbah,means,an,act,which,is,performed,for,the,common,good,,or,with,the,intention,of,seeking,a,reward,from,God.The,concept,of,hisbah,in,Islam,originates,from,a,set,of,Qur’anic,verses,and,Hadith.It,is,an,obligation,placed,on,every,Muslim,to,call,for,what,is,good,or,right,and,to,prevent,or,denounce,what,is,bad,or,wrong.The,Qur’an,states:"Let,there,arise,from,you,a,group,calling,to,all,that,is,good,,enjoining,what,is,right,and,forbidding,what,is,wrong.It,is,these,who,are,successful.",(The,Qur’an,3:104).The,Hadith,states:,"Whosoever,among,you,sees,an,act,of,wrong,should,change,it,with,his,hands.If,he,is,not,able,to,do,so,,then,he,should,change,it,with,his,tongue.If,he,is,not,able,to,do,so,,then,with,his,heart,,and,this,is,the,weakest,of,faith."[205],Scholars,have,generally,interpreted,these,verses,and,traditions,as,placing,duties,upon,Muslims,at,both,the,institutional,level,and,the,personal,level.At,the,institutional,level,,the,concept,of,hisbah,is,intended,as,a,mechanism,to,ensure,the,welfare,of,society,and,to,combat,harm,,including,crime.At,the,personal,level,,it,is,intended,to,instill,in,each,individual,the,wish,to,act,to,prevent,something,bad,from,happening,,or,,if,it,is,not,possible,to,prevent,it,oneself,,to,denounce,it,and,call,on,others,to,act,in,order,to,prevent,it2004At,the,level,of,state,governments,,the,state,attorney,general,is,responsible,for,the,operation,of,both,the,common,law,and,Shari’a,systems,in,the,state;,there,is,also,a,Shari’a,section,in,each,state,ministry,of,justiceThen,everyone,just,goes,away."[160],The,fact,that,the,vast,majority,of,victims,of,flogging,do,not,have,legal,representation,and,are,often,not,able,to,exercise,their,right,to,appeal,attracts,little,concern,or,indignation,,with,the,exception,of,a,few,protests,from,lawyers.It,would,appear,that,flogging,is,seen,by,some,Nigerians,as,a,lesser,punishment,,and,one,which,has,the,comparative,advantage,of,being,administered,quickly,and,without,lasting,consequences.Several,people,explained,that,by,exercising,the,right,to,appeal,against,a,flogging,sentence,,the,defendant,would,risk,facing,a,lengthy,period,in,detention,while,the,appeal,was,being,considered,,and,that,many,defendants,opted,not,to,appeal,and,to,face,the,flogging,simply,in,order,to,avoid,imprisonment.This,position,is,easy,to,understand,in,view,of,the,fact,that,both,under,Shari’a,and,the,rest,of,the,justice,system,in,Nigeria,,accused,persons,can,be,detained,for,several,years,awaiting,trial,or,awaiting,the,outcome,of,their,appeal.[161],Many,people,have,been,flogged,on,suspicion,of,drinking,alcohol,,which,is,forbidden,in,most,of,northern,Nigeria;laws,prohibiting,the,consumption,of,alcohol,were,in,existence,even,before,the,introduction,of,Shari’a,,and,have,since,been,tightened,by,some,states,,in,some,cases,extending,to,a,complete,ban.[162],Although,it,is,widely,known,that,some,Muslims,drink,alcohol,,public,punishment,for,this,offense,is,considered,very,humiliating.A,resident,of,Birnin,Kebbi,,Kebbi,State,,told,Human,Rights,Watch,about,a,young,man,in,his,twenties,,who,was,flogged,in,2003,after,he,was,arrested,by,hisbah,in,the,street;,he,was,allegedly,drunk,at,the,time.They,reportedly,took,him,straight,to,the,Shari’a,court,,not,to,the,police,station;,there,,he,was,flogged,,and,released,with,a,warning,not,to,drink,beer,again.Friends,and,colleagues,said,that,he,was,so,ashamed,that,he,would,not,talk,about,it,to,anyone.[163],Some,of,those,flogged,have,been,under,the,age,of,eighteen.One,of,the,earliest,and,most,publicized,cases,was,that,of,Bariya,Ibrahim,Magazu,,a,teenage,girl,who,had,become,pregnant,and,was,accused,of,pre-marital,sex.While,it,was,widely,reported,by,the,media,that,Bariya,Magazu,was,seventeen,years,old,,local,sources,,including,the,women’s,rights,organization,Baobab,for,Women’s,Human,Rights,,believed,that,she,was,no,more,than,thirteen,or,fourteen.In,September,2000,,the,Shari’a,Court,in,Tsafe,found,her,guilty,of,zina,(fornication),and,sentenced,her,to,one,hundred,lashes.She,was,also,accused,of,bringing,false,charges,against,three,men,who,she,claimed,had,raped,her,,for,which,she,was,sentenced,to,an,additional,eighty,lashesEven,,,if,,,the,,,accused,,,confesses,,,to,,,the,,,crime,,,,Shari’a,,,allows,,,them,,,several,,,opportunities,,,to,,,withdraw,,,the,,,confession.The,,,confession,,,should,,,be,,,made,,,willingly,,,and,,,the,,,accused,,,should,,,fully,,,understand,,,the,,,implications,,,of,,,confessing.Judges,,,should,,,always,,,look,,,for,,,mitigating,,,circumstancesfor,,,example,,,the,,,poverty,,,of,,,the,,,accused,,,,in,,,cases,,,of,,,theftand,,,the,,,mental,,,sanity,,,of,,,the,,,defendant,,,should,,,always,,,be,,,taken,,,into,,,account,,,when,,,determining,,,the,,,sentence.The,,,ZamfaraState,,,governor,,,(one,,,of,,,the,,,keenest,,,advocates,,,of,,,Shari’a,,,in,,,Nigeria),,,told,,,Human,,,Rights,,,Watch:,,,"If,,,someone’s,,,basic,,,needs,,,are,,,met,,,but,,,he,,,still,,,goes,,,to,,,steal,,,,the,,,requirement,,,for,,,amputation,,,has,,,been,,,met.But,,,if,,,the,,,person,,,is,,,needy,,,,they,,,can’t,,,even,,,be,,,punished,,,under,,,Shari’a.Or,,,they,,,will,,,be,,,given,,,a,,,light,,,sentence,,,,for,,,example,,,one,,,or,,,two,,,months."[12]The,,,Kebbi,,,State,,,Attorney,,,General,,,also,,,claimed,,,that,,,Shari’a,,,court,,,judges,,,were,,,taught,,,to,,,ask,,,the,,,defendants,,,,first,,,,whether,,,they,,,committed,,,the,,,offense,,,,and,,,secondly,,,,why,,,,and,,,that,,,if,,,they,,,said,,,they,,,had,,,stolen,,,because,,,they,,,were,,,hungry,,,,they,,,should,,,not,,,be,,,convicted.[13]In,,,addition,,,,to,,,be,,,convicted,,,of,,,theft,,,,a,,,person,,,must,,,have,,,removed,,,an,,,object,,,which,,,is,,,not,,,his/her,,,own,,,from,,,its,,,usual,,,place,,,of,,,custody;,,,if,,,the,,,object,,,is,,,in,,,a,,,different,,,place,,,or,,,has,,,been,,,left,,,out,,,negligently,,,,the,,,person,,,should,,,not,,,be,,,convictedJudges,,should,,never,,accept,,statements,,alleged,,to,,have,,been,,extracted,,under,,torture.They,,should,,order,,immediate,,independent,,investigations,,into,,any,,claims,,by,,defendants,,that,,the,,police,,tortured,,them,,in,,order,,to,,extract,,a,,confession.Prisoners,,convicted,,on,,the,,basis,,of,,confessions,,allegedly,,extracted,,under,,torture,,should,,be,,released,,immediatelyFrre,,Tariq:,,Discours,,,stratgie,,et,,mthode,,de,,Tariq,,RamadanDudley,,,B
Paper,,presented,,at,,Religion,,in,,the,,Public,,Sphere:,,Challenges,,and,,Opportunities,,,the,,11th,,Annual,,International,,Law,,and,,Religion,,Symposium,,,Brigham,,Young,,University,,,Provo,,,Utah,,,October,,4.Google,,ScholarAfter,,the,,introduction,,of,,Shari’a,,,a,,number,,of,,training,,programs,,were,,set,,in,,place,,for,,Shari’a,,court,,judges,,,organized,,by,,a,,combination,,of,,state,,governments,,,universities,,,and,,nongovernmental,,organizations.Some,,of,,the,,training,,programs,,lasted,,just,,two,,or,,three,,weeks,,,others,,up,,to,,six,,months.Initially,,,it,,was,,not,,compulsory,,for,,judges,,to,,attend,,this,,training,,before,,beginning,,to,,try,,cases,,in,,Shari’a,,courts,,,and,,many,,did,,not,,attend,,the,,courses,,until,,several,,months,,or,,years,,later.Human,,Rights,,Watch,,was,,told,,that,,a,,significant,,number,,of,,the,,judges,,failed,,the,,tests,,which,,were,,part,,of,,the,,training,,,but,,continued,,being,,judges.[199],,Nongovernmental,,organizations,,and,,academic,,institutions,,,in,,particular,,the,,AhmaduBelloUniversity,,in,,Zaria,,,have,,made,,efforts,,to,,include,,a,,human,,rights,,component,,in,,the,,training,,program,,for,,Shari’a,,court,,judges.According,,to,,the,,deputy,,dean,,of,,the,,faculty,,of,,law,,at,,Ahmadu,,Bello,,University,,,Zaria,,,a,,training,,program,,being,,developed,,for,,judges,,was,,to,,include,,a,,session,,on,,human,,rights,,duties,,within,,Shari’a,,,as,,well,,as,,a,,comparison,,with,,the,,Nigerian,,constitution,,and,,international,,human,,rights,,instruments,,such,,as,,the,,International,,Covenant,,on,,Civil,,and,,Political,,Rights,,and,,the,,African,,Charter,,on,,Human,,and,,Peoples’,,Rights.It,,was,,also,,to,,include,,an,,emphasis,,on,,women,,and,,children’s,,rights.[200],,The,,nongovernmental,,organization,,Legal,,Defence,,and,,Assistance,,Project,,(LEDAP),,,which,,is,,based,,in,,Lagos,,but,,has,,representation,,in,,the,,north,,,became,,involved,,in,,a,,pilot,,training,,project,,for,,judgesAn-Naim,,,Abdullahi,,AhmedIslam,,,and,,,religious,,,tolerance:,,,From,,,theology,,,to,,,social,,,scienceUnusually,,,,in,,,this,,,case,,,,the,,,defendant,,,was,,,able,,,to,,,secure,,,the,,,assistance,,,of,,,a,,,lawyer,,,through,,,the,,,nongovernmental,,,organization,,,Baobab,,,,before,,,the,,,court,,,made,,,its,,,final,,,judgment.The,,,court,,,acquitted,,,her,,,on,,,the,,,basis,,,that,,,the,,,evidence,,,against,,,her,,,was,,,insufficient,,,and,,,contradictory,,,,and,,,that,,,the,,,baby,,,could,,,have,,,been,,,that,,,of,,,her,,,former,,,husband,,,,rather,,,than,,,her,,,lover-partly,,,on,,,the,,,basis,,,of,,,the,,,theory,,,of,,,the,,,"sleeping,,,embryo."[86]Within,,,the,,,Maliki,,,school,,,of,,,thought,,,,there,,,is,,,a,,,provision,,,that,,,a,,,baby,,,conceived,,,within,,,five,,,years,,,of,,,a,,,woman’s,,,marriage,,,can,,,be,,,considered,,,as,,,fathered,,,by,,,the,,,husband,,,,even,,,if,,,the,,,couple,,,are,,,divorcedIV
1968The,court,of,appeal,held,an,initial,hearing,on,June,4,,2003,,but,the,case,was,repeatedly,adjourned,,most,recently,in,April,2004This,page,was,processed,by,apollo3,in,0.172,seconds,While,,Christians,,can,,refuse,,to,,be,,tried,,by,,a,,Shari’a,,court,,,Muslims,,cannot.The,,reasons,,for,,the,,decisions,,are,,not,,always,,clearly,,articulated.For,,example,,,while,,a,,number,,of,,murder,,cases,,involving,,Muslim,,defendants,,have,,been,,brought,,before,,Shari’a,,courts,,,others,,have,,been,,brought,,before,,magistrates’,,courts.Furthermore,,,as,,indicated,,in,,this,,report,,,the,,police,,are,,often,,susceptible,,to,,pressure,,and,,corruption,,,and,,in,,practice,,,the,,decision,,to,,take,,a,,case,,to,,a,,particular,,type,,of,,court,,is,,often,,made,,at,,the,,lower,,levels,,of,,the,,judiciaryShari’a,and,the,Nigerian,constitution,One,of,the,most,hotly,debated,,and,so,far,unresolved,,questions,in,relation,to,Shari’a,has,been,whether,Shari’a,courts,have,the,jurisdiction,to,try,criminal,cases,under,the,Nigerian,constitution.To,date,,the,federal,government,has,avoided,taking,a,clear,position,on,the,matter,and,it,has,been,left,to,lawyers,,academics,and,nongovernmental,organizations,to,debate,the,issue.Meanwhile,,criminal,cases,have,continued,to,be,brought,before,the,Shari’a,courts,,and,people,have,continued,to,be,sentencedSafiya,,,Husseini,,,,a,,,divorced,,,woman,,,in,,,her,,,thirties,,,from,,,a,,,poor,,,background,,,,was,,,found,,,guilty,,,of,,,adultery,,,and,,,sentenced,,,to,,,death,,,by,,,stoning,,,by,,,the,,,Upper,,,Shari’a,,,Court,,,in,,,Gwadabawa,,,,SokotoState,,,,on,,,October,,,9,,,,2001.She,,,did,,,not,,,have,,,legal,,,representation,,,during,,,her,,,trial.Yakubu,,,Abubakar,,,,the,,,man,,,with,,,whom,,,she,,,was,,,alleged,,,to,,,have,,,committed,,,the,,,adultery,,,,denied,,,the,,,offense,,,and,,,was,,,acquitted,,,for,,,lack,,,of,,,evidence.Safiya,,,Husseini,,,was,,,convicted,,,on,,,the,,,basis,,,that,,,her,,,pregnancy,,,constituted,,,evidence,,,of,,,adultery,,,,and,,,on,,,the,,,basis,,,of,,,her,,,confessionMost,,of,,the,,twelve,,northern,,states,,have,,adopted,,a,,Shari’a,,penal,,code,,and,,a,,Shari’a,,code,,of,,criminal,,procedure,,,based,,,in,,most,,cases,,,on,,that,,of,,ZamfaraState.Some,,,such,,as,,NigerState,,,have,,opted,,to,,amend,,existing,,legislation,,to,,make,,it,,comply,,with,,Shari’a,,and,,have,,not,,introduced,,a,,separate,,Shari’a,,penal,,code,,or,,code,,of,,criminal,,procedure.[20]There,,is,,still,,considerable,,confusion,,about,,which,,legislation,,is,,in,,force,,in,,the,,northern,,states,,,even,,among,,judges,,,academics,,,and,,other,,people,,described,,as,,Shari’a,,"experts."In,,any,,event,,,there,,is,,an,,overlap,,between,,the,,Penal,,Code,,for,,Northern,,Nigeria,,and,,the,,Shari’a,,laws,,,as,,the,,Penal,,Code,,includes,,elements,,of,,Islamic,,law,,and,,provided,,the,,basis,,for,,whole,,sections,,of,,the,,Shari’a,,penal,,codes.However,,,there,,are,,some,,critical,,differences 68ab3a233e
http://eswahcheeti.diarynote.jp/201712011839573598/ http://www.pearltrees.com/planperstidi/item214648326 https://atrasicom.typeform.com/to/rtbUKy https://hancunabca.typeform.com/to/kbSN4G https://chorebnistcris.typeform.com/to/jBSswZ http://clasuparve.lnwshop.com/article/33/islamic-jurisprudence-in-urdu-pdf-download-rocky-pixel-venditti-incredimail http://www.pearltrees.com/stevransduchspal/item214648358 https://ocfabackbrut.typeform.com/to/eq0hBT http://www.pearltrees.com/lingchelgevi/item214648347 http://descmarrera.diarynote.jp/201712011839534091/
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